How Can Insult and Verbal Abuse Be Proven in Iranian Law?

Introduction

“He cursed at me in public!” “She humiliated me in a voice message!” “He called me offensive names over text!”

Such statements are common in daily life — but are these legally punishable? Yes. Under Iranian law, insult (tohin) and verbal abuse (fahashi) are criminal offenses, and there are clear procedures for filing a complaint and proving the offense. In this article, we explain what constitutes criminal insult and how it can be legally proven in court.

Legal Definition of Insult

Insult is defined as: any verbal, written, or physical expression that offends, humiliates, or disrespects another person.

Article 608 of the Islamic Penal Code (Ta’zirat Section): “Insulting individuals by using offensive words, profanities, or vulgar language — unless it constitutes ‘qazf’ (false accusation of adultery) — shall be punishable by up to 74 lashes or a monetary fine.”

Note: If the insult includes an accusation of adultery or sodomy, it falls under the separate and more serious crime of qazf, which is punishable by 80 lashes.

Difference Between Insult, Verbal Abuse, Slander, and Qazf

When Is an Insult Considered a Crime?

To qualify as a criminal insult under Iranian law:

The words must be explicitly offensive or humiliating

The insult must be directed at a specific, identifiable person

The intent to offend or degrade must be evident

The expression must violate public norms or decency

Insults can be verbal, written, physical, or digital.

How to Prove an Insult or Verbal Abuse

You can prove the crime using:

Witness testimony from people who heard the insult

Audio or video recordings (subject to forensic verification)

Text messages, chats, emails, or social media posts

Confession of the offender

Contextual or circumstantial evidence

Tip: A screenshot or audio file alone may not be sufficient, but combined with other evidence, it can strengthen your case.

Insults on Social Media

If someone insults or curses you via Instagram, WhatsApp, Telegram, or other platforms:

You can file a criminal complaint and submit your evidence to the Cyber Police (FATA) or the prosecutor's office.